construction site means a workplace where construction work is being performed;. Materials means things of all kinds other than Plant to be supplied and incorporated in the Works by the Contractor. Construction sign means a sign which identifies the architect, engineers, contractors and other individuals or firms involved with the construction of a building, or announces the character of the building or enterprise, which is erected during the building construction period.

Direct Construction Cost does not include Pre-Construction Phase Fees or Construction Phase Fees. Construction materials means any tangible personal property that will be. Erection, construction, remodeling, repairing means all types of work done on a particular building or work at the site thereof in the construction or development of the project, including without limitation, erecting, construction, remodeling, repairing, altering, painting, and decorating, the transporting of materials and supplies to or from the building or work done by the employees of the Contractor, Subcontractor, or Agent thereof, and the manufacturing or furnishing of.

Construction Works means all works and things necessary to complete the Project Facilities in accordance with this Agreement;. Fault means a default, breach, or wrongful act or omission. Construction Services means either of the following for construction-manager-at-risk, design-build and job-order-contracting project delivery methods:.

Construction Parties means all of the Parties to a Construction Service Agreement. Supplies means all property, except land and interests in land, that is clearly identifiable for eventual use by or owned by the DoD at the time of transportation by sea.

Instructional materials means relevant instructional. Its weight and energy-density are considered its biggest draw-backs since it can be difficult to keep stones warm. Loose granites were used to construct circular huts, which were used until the early Bronze Age. Today, only the remains of 5, granite homes can be seen.

Roofing using slate is more common in the UK these days. Thatch or grass is another ancient building material as it is readily available and easily harvested. Its most significant advantage, though, is its good insulation capability.

African tribes have been living in homes entirely made of grasses. In Europe and some Asian countries, thatch roofs were once prevalent until industrialization brought in better roofing materials that can be suitable even during the rainy season.

Although thatch roofs are being revived in the Netherlands, they are still not a thing in any construction or architectural project in the United States.

Native Americans used to build brush structures for resting and living. These structures are built entirely from parts of plants like leaves, twigs, branches, and bark.

There are not so many brush houses these days because of durability issues. You may have heard about ice hotels in the northern region where the few tourists who are able to go there are too fascinated by it. Well, in the past, ice was really used in making igloos and there were no other agents for keeping them together.

A constant below 0 temperature was the only thing igloos needed for the ice blocks to stay intact. Wood or lumber is still widely used today, most especially in the United States. Both are products of big trees where the trunk is usually broken down into portions.

Back in the days, wood was used almost unprocessed as logs and then tied or notched in place. But since architecture and new construction techniques came to play, wood has been cut and pressed into timber boards or planks and is now used on floors, ceilings, and cabinetry.

Wood remains to be a generic material and used in making buildings in about any climates. The quality and durability of wood depend on the species it came from. Some species are more potent than others, but of course, they are more expensive too.

This also means that some species are perfect for certain applications in construction. For example, oak and maple are suitable for flooring and cabinets, while pine and teak are best for walls.

These days, modern western houses still use wood as it is quicker to put up. Some people design their wooden homes with modern furniture to make space look more elegant and up to date. Bricks are made from kiln-fired material. Typically, clay or shale is used to make bricks.

Clay bricks are manufactured by molding clay or by extruding it on a die. They are still widely used these days as Americans learn to combine wood and bricks, making their houses fire-resistant. Additionally, clay bricks are cheaper than wood. In the late 20th century, clay blocks got an alternative through cinder blocks.

Lately, a low-cost variant of brick was introduced. The sandcrete block is now among the options but is generally weaker than clay.

Most commercial and industrial structures are now made of concrete. It is a composite material produced usually from aggregate and cement. Portland is the most widely used concrete these days.

It uses mineral aggregates like sand and gravel, portland cement, and water for its mixture, which is later hydrated and hardened. The end-product? A stone-like building material.

However, concrete has a low tensile strength. It is typically strengthened by enforcing steel rods or rebars. Hence we have the reinforced concrete structures. Air bubbles are what usually weakens the concrete.

This is why concrete pouring in construction should be given extra care. Vibrators are used to eliminate the bubbles formed during the pouring process. Metal is one of the most essential materials in making modern buildings like skyscrapers.

It is also usually used as a wall covering. Different types of metals are employed in construction. Steel, whose major component is iron, is the most common metal used in construction because of its longevity, strength, and flexibility.

However, it can be weakened by corrosion. To eliminate corrosion, aluminum alloy is sometimes used as an alternative. Other metals used as building materials include brass, titanium, silver, chrome, and gold.

Titanium and brass can be used in construction, while the more special metals in decorative details. Glass walls or curtain walls are prevalent in commercial buildings these days. It can be cheaper to put up than concrete for walling, but it can never beat concrete in durability.

Of course, these modern glasses are processed for thickness and strength and could be easier to maintain. The aesthetics they bring also make them popular choices in building hotels and skyscrapers. In the past, clear glass was only used in windows. They allow more light to come in a while, keeping inclement weather outside.

Ceramics are also common building materials in this era. They are used as tiles for floors, fixtures, counter-tops, walls, and ceilings. Ceramics used to be made from clay-pottery firing in kilns. In this generation, though, as ceramics are used in more and more construction applications, they are now made using more technical processes to improve their strength.

Plastic is generally used in HVAC, plumbing, and electrical as plastic pipes covering wires and metal pipes. Plastics used as building materials vary in heat tolerance, resilience, and hardness.

This is why plastics find their place in most construction projects these days, depending on the application they may be needed for. Foamed plastic was generally used as an insulator in construction. Some homes use it in between wooden or cement walls or on top of their ceiling to maintain warmth or coolness inside the structure.

However, these days, the use of polyurethane in construction has been limited. For example, concrete is an excellent material for building foundations where the weight of the structure meets the ground.

This requires strength to carry the load and also durability to withstand the contact with the surrounding soil. Combined with steel rebar, reinforced concrete is stronger and more suitable for a wide range of structures such as tall multi-story buildings, bridges, roads, tunnels and so many other applications.

Steel is one of the strongest building materials available with excellent strength capacity in both tension and compression. Because of its high strength-to-weight ratio, it is ideal for structural framework of tall buildings and large industrial facilities.

Structural steel is available in standard shapes such are angles, I beams and C-channels. These shapes can be welded together or connected using high-strength bolts to build structures capable of resisting large forces and deformations.

Because of the the higher cost of steel, I often get questions from our clients asking if there is a way to reduce the weight and size of some of steel members in the structure. The installation of steel is less time consuming compared to concrete and can be installed in any type of environment.

Wood has been used as a construction material for thousands of years and if properly maintained can last for hundred of years. It is a readily available and economically feasible natural resource with a light weight and highly machinable properties.

It also provides good insulation from the cold which makes it an excellent building material for homes and residential buildings. Wood pieces used in construction are machine-planed and sawn into certain dimensional specifications. This is commonly used in the construction of walls and floors.

Wood that comes in larger dimensions are referred to as timber or beams and are commonly used to construct the frames of large structures such as bridges and multi-story buildings. Engineered wood is another type of wood used in construction that consist of various forms of wood glued together to form a composite material suitable for specific construction applications.

Examples of engineered wood is glued laminated wood glulam , plywood and fiberboard. Because of its light weight, wood is not the most suitable construction material to support heavier loads and not ideal for long spans.

In a wood framed house, the foundations and basement walls are usually constructed with reinforced concrete. Masonry construction is using individual units to build structures that are usually uses mortar to bound the units together.

The most common material I use in the design of masonry structures is concrete block, with vertical steel reinforcing if required. Other masonry materials include brick, stone and glass block. Masonry is a highly durable and fire resistant material, however it can be sensitive to mortar and workmanship quality.

There has been an increase in the use of masonry as load bearing walls for the design of multi-story buildings in my office. The structural system typically consists of concrete floors supported on a combination of masonry and reinforced concrete walls depending on the number of floors and amount of load on the walls.

Masonry walls with windows or openings need horizontal beams or lintels to span the weight of the wall above across the opening. Masonry is not as accommodating to large openings in walls as concrete or steel framing is, but can be an economical choice if the framing and opening sizes are reasonable and length of wall segments are not too short.

Load bearing masonry walls can be stacked up on top of one another to build multi-story buildings. The load on the first floor masonry wall is the accumulation of all the weight of the floors above it. Therefore, the bottom floor wall must be stronger than the upper floor walls.

This can be achieved by reinforcing the voids in the bottom masonry walls with steel bars and concrete grout. More steel bars closer spacing of grouted cores equals stronger masonry walls. If a load bearing masonry wall does not extend all the way down to the foundation because of required openings such as parkade drive aisles, large concrete or steel transfer beams are required to support the wall above the opening.

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