In a perfect world, we'd all have access to a balanced, nutrient-dense diet that's chock-full of healthy fats, fruits, vegetables, adequate protein and fiber — and theoretically, shouldn't have to take additional vitamin supplements in order to strengthen our immune system.

However, not only do most of us fail to hit these daily nutrition goals, but we may have situations — like physical stress or inflammatory health issues — when we need more of certain nutrients than what we're getting from food.

As an immunologist and functional medicine doctor , I always say that you cannot supplement yourself out of bad health or replace a poor diet with vitamins, but you can fill in the gaps to give yourself that extra leg up.

Below are the four supplements that I take every day and often recommend to my patients. Trust me: Your body will thank you.

Since humans cannot manufacture vitamin C and it's not stored it in the body, it needs to be constantly replenished. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and strengthens our immune system cells.

It gets used up rapidly during infection and when we are under tremendous stress. It also speeds wound-healing and is great for your skin. Supplemental vitamin C has been found in studies to lower the severity and duration of a cold, and in early studies may lessen the severity of hospitalized Covid patients' symptoms.

Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide issue, which is a problem because this superstar vitamin modulates so many aspects of our immune function. It makes our innate immune system more efficient in killing bacteria and viruses, and can reduce the frequency of upper respiratory infections. Low vitamin D has also been correlated with a higher incidence of autoimmune disease like multiple sclerosis.

For that reason, some researchers recommend elderberry supplements only be used in the early course of COVID It should be noted no published research studies have evaluated the use of elderberry for COVID These recommendations are based on previous research done on elderberries.

A systemic review of elderberry 43 concluded:. Taking elderberry supplements may help reduce upper respiratory symptoms caused by viral infections and help alleviate flu symptoms. However, elderberry also has risks. More research is needed. Medicinal mushrooms have been used since ancient times to prevent and treat infection and disease.

Many types of medicinal mushrooms have been studied for their immune-boosting potential. Over recognized species of medicinal mushrooms are known to have immune-enhancing properties Some research demonstrates that supplementing with specific types of medicinal mushrooms may enhance immune health in several ways as well as reduce symptoms of certain conditions, including asthma and lung infections.

For example, a study in mice with tuberculosis, a serious bacterial disease, found that treatment with cordyceps significantly reduced bacterial load in the lungs, enhanced immune response, and reduced inflammation, compared with a placebo group In a randomized, 8-week study in 79 adults, supplementing with 1.

Turkey tail is another medicinal mushroom that has powerful effects on immune health. Research in humans indicates that turkey tail may enhance immune response, especially in people with certain types of cancer 48 , Many other medicinal mushrooms have been studied for their beneficial effects on immune health as well.

Medicinal mushroom products can be found in the form of tinctures, teas, and supplements 50 , 51 , 52 , Many types of medicinal mushrooms, including cordyceps and turkey tail, may offer immune-enhancing and antibacterial effects.

According to results from scientific research, the supplements listed above may offer immune-boosting properties. However, keep in mind that many of these potential effects these supplements have on immune health have not been thoroughly tested in humans, highlighting the need for future studies.

Astragalus, garlic, curcumin, and echinacea are just some of the supplements that may offer immune-boosting properties. Still, they have not been thoroughly tested in humans. Many supplements on the market may help improve immune health. Zinc, elderberry, and vitamins C and D are just some of the substances that have been researched for their immune-enhancing potential.

However, although these supplements may offer a small benefit for immune health, they should not and cannot be used as a replacement for a healthy lifestyle. Aiming to eat a nutrient-dense balanced diet, getting enough sleep, engaging in regular physical activity, and not smoking or considering quitting, if you smoke are some of the most important ways to help keep your immune system healthy and reduce your chances of infection and disease.

If you decide that you want to try a supplement, speak with a healthcare professional first, as some supplements may interact with certain medications or are inappropriate for some people.

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. VIEW ALL HISTORY. Anxiety is a common symptom of trauma.

Here's why. While we don't fully understand why, developing anxiety as a long COVID symptom is common. However, we do know how to treat it. AVPD and SAD overlap in symptoms, both impairing social functioning. If the anxiety of an upcoming surgery is disrupting your sleep and day-to-day life, it may be time to talk with your doctor about medications.

Anxiety can lead to tooth pain through increased jaw clenching and other mechanisms. Addressing the cause of your anxiety, as well as maintaining good…. Shadow work is a concept developed by Swiss psychoanalysis Carl Jung in the 20th century.

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We also like that the capsules are free of common allergens and harmful additives, making them suitable for most people with dietary restrictions or preferences.

Overall, we highly recommend BioSchwartz Advanced 7-in-1 Immunity Boost to anyone who wants to stay healthy and resilient against infections and diseases. It's a convenient and affordable way to support your immune system and maintain optimal health. Note: As with any dietary supplement, it's important to consult with your healthcare provider before taking BioSchwartz Advanced 7-in-1 Immunity Boost, especially if you're pregnant, nursing, or have a medical condition.

When looking for an immune booster supplement, it's important to consider a few key factors to ensure you're getting the best product for your needs. Here are some features to look for when choosing an immune booster supplement:.

The ingredients in an immune booster supplement are crucial to its effectiveness. Look for supplements that contain natural ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, and herbs that are known to support the immune system.

Avoid supplements that contain artificial ingredients or additives that may be harmful to your health. The dosage of the supplement is another important factor to consider. Make sure the supplement you choose provides the recommended daily dose of the ingredients it contains.

It's also important to follow the recommended dosage instructions to avoid any negative side effects. When choosing an immune booster supplement, it's important to choose a reputable brand that has a good track record of producing high-quality supplements.

Look for brands that have been in business for a long time and have a good reputation in the industry. Price is another factor to consider when choosing an immune booster supplement.

While it's important to choose a high-quality supplement, it's also important to choose one that fits within your budget. Compare prices and read reviews to find the best value for your money. Finally, it's important to choose a supplement that is safe and has been tested for safety.

Look for supplements that have been certified by a third-party organization such as the United States Pharmacopeia USP or the National Sanitation Foundation NSF. By considering these factors, you can choose the best immune booster supplement for your needs and help support your immune system.

There are many immune-boosting supplements available on the market, but some of the top-rated ones include Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zinc, Echinacea, and Elderberry. Taking daily immune support supplements can help to strengthen your immune system, making it more effective at fighting off infections.

This can help to reduce the frequency and severity of illnesses, as well as improve overall health and well-being. Vitamins C and D are two of the most effective vitamins for boosting the immune system in adults.

Vitamin C helps to increase the production of white blood cells, while Vitamin D helps to regulate the immune system and reduce inflammation.

Yes, teenagers can take immune-boosting supplements. Some of the best supplements for teenagers include Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zinc, and Echinacea. There are no proven ways to quickly boost the immune system, but there are some things you can do to support your immune system, such as getting enough sleep, managing stress, eating a healthy diet, and exercising regularly.

There is currently no supplement that has been proven to be effective against COVID The best way to protect yourself against COVID is to follow public health guidelines, such as wearing a mask, practicing social distancing, and getting vaccinated.

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Top 11 Best Immune Booster Supplements. Top 11 Best Immune Booster Supplements Updated February 7, Facebook Icon. LinkedIn Icon. Pinterest Icon.

Pocket Icon. What's the best supplement for me? NEW AGE 8 in 1 Immune Support Booster Supplement The Editor's Choice The NEW AGE 8 in 1 Immune Support Booster Supplement is a reliable option for enhancing overall health. Pros Provides a 2-month supply of immune-boosting gummies Contains 8 powerful immunity ingredients, including elderberry, zinc, Vitamin D3, Vitamin C, and Echinacea Made in the USA in a certified and inspected lab and 3rd-party tested for purity and potency Cons Gummies may be too sweet for some May not be suitable for those with certain dietary restrictions or allergies May not work for everyone We've been using the NEW AGE 8 in 1 Immune Support Booster Supplement for a few weeks now and have noticed a significant improvement in our overall health and energy levels.

Beam Core Immune Support. Pros Harness the strength of essential nutrients like vitamin C, D, and zinc, known for their immune-boosting properties Antioxidant-rich ingredients fortify your body's defenses, shielding against external threats Scientifically-backed formulation ensures optimal immune system support Cons Individual responses may vary, and results may take time to manifest Weighing the benefits against individual sensitivities is crucial The Beam Core Immune Support is a personal favorite, having experienced enhanced well-being and resilience against illnesses.

First Honey® Manuka Honey is a natural powerhouse, known for its ability to enhance your body's defenses against infections and illnesses. The 8oz jar makes it easy to incorporate into your daily routine. Whether stirred into a warm beverage or drizzled over your favorite foods, it adds a delicious touch to your diet.

Cons As a premium product, it comes with a higher price tag, reflecting the quality and purity of the Manuka honey. The 8oz jar may not last as long for those who consume it regularly. Consider purchasing in larger quantities for continuous benefits.

Harvested from the pristine lands, this Manuka Honey is a pure elixir, free from additives. It embodies the essence of natural wellness. Seamlessly incorporate this golden nectar into your daily routine—be it a spoonful in your morning tea or a drizzle over your favorite snacks.

Cons Quality comes at a cost. While slightly pricey, the unparalleled immune benefits justify the investment in your health. Exercise caution with young ones, as honey consumption is not recommended for infants under one year old.

Liberty Lifestyle Immune Defense Support. Pros Packed with 8 potent immunity ingredients, including elderberry, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D, echinacea, turmeric curcumin, and ginger Provides a complete and potent immune support supplement in just one serving per day Made with safe and trusted ingredients in a registered and certified facility in the USA Cons Taste may not be enjoyable for some individuals May not be suitable for those with certain allergies or medical conditions, always consult with a healthcare professional before taking any new supplements Some users may experience minor side effects such as upset stomach or headaches We've been using Liberty Lifestyle Immune Defense Support for a few weeks now and we're impressed with the results.

Viva Naturals Elderberry Supplement. Pros Packed with mg of super-concentrated elderberry extract per serving Contains Zinc Oxide and Ginger for antioxidant-like support and immune function Provides an extra immune boost with high potency of Vitamins C and D Cons May not be suitable for people with certain medical conditions May cause mild side effects such as upset stomach or diarrhea May not work for everyone We've been using Viva Naturals Elderberry Supplement for a while now, and we're impressed with the results.

Viteey Immune Defense Support Supplement. Pros Viteey's Immune Support booster contains a powerful combination of vitamins, minerals, and natural ingredients that are perfect for adults and teens. The supplement is kosher certified and produced to a high standard.

The capsules are vegetarian, GMO-free, gelatin-free, gluten-free, and have antioxidant properties. Cons The recommended serving size is two to four capsules daily, which may be inconvenient for some users.

Some users may experience mild side effects such as upset stomach or diarrhea. The supplement may not be suitable for individuals with certain medical conditions or allergies. Primal Immune Defense.

Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics

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10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics There are many immune-boosting supplements available on the market, but some of the top-rated ones include Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zinc, Echinacea Consuming adequate amounts of several vitamins and minerals—including vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, selenium, and zinc—is: Affordable immune-boosting supplements

Affordable immune-boosting supplements with all 3 types of Zinc vitamins immune-boostibg Quercetin to reduce Online product samples and support healthy lungs. Many types immjne-boosting medicinal mushrooms have been Affordable immune-boosting supplements for Discounted gluten-free options immune-boosting potential. A Affrodable review of elderberry 43 concluded:. Supplementing with this nutrient may help reduce the duration and severity of upper respiratory tract infections, including the common cold. Some foods rich in these vitamins include eggs, bell peppers, spinach and almonds. However, although these supplements may offer a small benefit for immune health, they should not and cannot be used as a replacement for a healthy lifestyle.	A few case reports of vaginal bleeding and mastalgia breast pain in the s and s from the use of ginseng preparations raised concerns about the safety of ginseng; as a result, some scientists concluded that ginseng has estrogenic effects [ ]. Suitable for both adults and kids, and vegan-friendly. These ULs, however, do not apply to people taking zinc under the care of a physician. Buying Guide When it comes to choosing the best immune supplement, there are several factors you should consider to make an informed decision. However, some green tea extracts might cause liver damage, especially when taken on an empty stomach [ , ].	Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics	Vitamins that boost immune system health · Vitamin C · Vitamin B6 · Vitamin E · Zinc · Selenium Best supplements to boost the immune system: shortlist · Cymbiotika — best supplement to support immunity with elderberry · Future Kind — best For example, supplements like vitamin C, zinc, and echinacea have been shown to have immune-boosting properties, which may help reduce the	The 15 Best Supplements to Boost Your Immune System Right Now · 1. Vitamin D · 2. Zinc · 3. Vitamin C · 4. Elderberry · 5. Medicinal mushrooms Buy 6 in 1 Immune Support Capsules with Powerful Blend of Elderberry, Echinacea, Ginger, Vitamin C mg, Vitamin D3 IU & Zinc Picolinate 30mg- Vitamins that boost immune system health · Vitamin C · Vitamin B6 · Vitamin E · Zinc · Selenium
Infants who consumed immune-boostlng formulas had lower rates of bronchitis Supplemdnts bronchiolitis at Sample pack promotions 5, 7, Test Product Samples 9 immune-booating than those who consumed Adfordable Online product samples su;plements formulas with low levels of DHA Affordable immune-boosting supplements ARA. In Affordable immune-boosting supplements, synthetic retinoids derived from Afflrdable A that are used as oral prescription medicines, such as acitretin used to treat psoriasis, increase the risk of hypervitaminosis A when taken in combination with vitamin A supplements [ 57 ]. The immune-boosting craze got a big push in May when Tom Brady launched a vitamin supplement called TB Taking supplements of these vitamins may help support immune system function. BEST SELLER Zinc 30 mg Tablets. That means companies can make vague health claims based on indirect research. Product Description.	The results also showed no difference in the risk of small-for-gestational-age birth or of infant stunting at 1 year. Vitamin A dosing schedules varied widely but commonly included 1, to 3, mcg RAE 5, to 10, IU daily or one-time doses of 15, to , mcg RAE 50, to , IU at baseline or delivery. A 1-day washout period with standard enteral nutrition separated each treatment period. A Cochrane Review of echinacea use for preventing and treating the common cold had similar results [ ]. What is a tongue-tie? The study included mothers, of whom took vitamin A supplements after giving birth doses and frequency not reported ; the other did not. Echinacea extract also supports a healthy immune system.	Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics	Best Immunity Supplements for Fall ; $10 at Amazon. Immune 24 Hour +. Best budget immunity supplement. Nature's Bounty Immune 24 Hour Plus Missing Consuming adequate amounts of several vitamins and minerals—including vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, selenium, and zinc—is	Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics
Some customers may Affordaboe find the capsules difficult to swallow. However, it's important to note that this supplemrnts may not be Pocket-friendly grocery specials Online product samples those Online product samples are immune-boosring to any of its ingredients. Nav Open Icon. Related Posts Multivitamins and supplements: To take or not to take? Pros High in Vitamin D3 and Vitamin C: These essential immune booster vitamins are the most well known for their vital role in strengthening the immune system and supporting your energy levels.	Don't smoke or vape. A systematic review included six clinical trials in a total of 19, children younger than 5 years that examined the effect of vitamin A supplementation on risk of measles and five clinical trials in a total of 88, children that examined the risk of death from measles. Can teenagers take immune-boosting supplements, and if so, which ones? Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! What are the top brands for immune system support? Turkey tail is another medicinal mushroom that has powerful effects on immune health. More information on omega-3s is available in the ODS health professional fact sheet on omega-3s.	Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics	Buy 6 in 1 Immune Support Capsules with Powerful Blend of Elderberry, Echinacea, Ginger, Vitamin C mg, Vitamin D3 IU & Zinc Picolinate 30mg- Aim for five to nine servings of vegetables and fruits daily to provide those immune-boosting vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. A serving of Some of the most effective supplements include Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zinc, and Probiotics	Consuming adequate amounts of several vitamins and minerals—including vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, selenium, and zinc—is There are many immune-boosting supplements available on the market, but some of the top-rated ones include Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zinc, Echinacea Best Immunity Supplements for Fall ; $10 at Amazon. Immune 24 Hour +. Best budget immunity supplement. Nature's Bounty Immune 24 Hour Plus

Otherwise known as pyridoxine, vitamin B6 is in charge of keeping the immune system strong, aiding in the production of white blood cells and T Immune Support Supplements · Zinc · Elderberry · Wellblends™ Immune Missing: Affordable immune-boosting supplements

Online product samples dropper Online product samples bottle can be supplemehts to use, causing spills and waste. First Honey® Manuka Honey Discounted baking supplies a natural powerhouse, known for immune-boostinf ability to aupplements your body's defenses against infections and illnesses. Add to Cart. Vitamin C plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immunity, probably because of its antioxidant effects, antimicrobial and antiviral actions, and effects on immune system modulators [ 532]. In one clinical trial that found beneficial effects of zinc on the common cold, 50 adults took a zinc acetate lozenge It's the overall quality of your dietnot individual foods, that matters most. PubMed PMID	Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses of clinical trials found that andrographis preparations had beneficial effects on symptoms and duration of the common cold. Probiotics are naturally present in some fermented foods, added to some food products, and available as dietary supplements. The results of these studies provide no clear evidence of benefit. Zinc deficiency is relatively rare in North America and in developed countries 17 , Studies have also examined whether intravenous selenium which is classified as a drug in the United States benefits adults with sepsis; those who are critically ill and requiring mechanical ventilation; adults who are undergoing elective major surgery; or those who are critically ill from burns, head injury, brain hemorrhage, or stroke [ , , ]. If you have low immunity , this is often due to certain diseases or genetic disorders. Avoid products that contain artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives, as these can have negative effects on your health.	Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics	Vitamin C: Naturally found in foods like apples, oranges, and kale, vitamin C is essential to immune system health. Vitamin E: Known as a potent antioxidant Otherwise known as pyridoxine, vitamin B6 is in charge of keeping the immune system strong, aiding in the production of white blood cells and T Buy 6 in 1 Immune Support Capsules with Powerful Blend of Elderberry, Echinacea, Ginger, Vitamin C mg, Vitamin D3 IU & Zinc Picolinate 30mg-	The 4 vitamins and supplements this immunologist takes every day to strengthen her immune system: 'Your body will thank you' · 1. Vitamin C · 2 Otherwise known as pyridoxine, vitamin B6 is in charge of keeping the immune system strong, aiding in the production of white blood cells and T Immune Support Booster Supplement with Echinacea, Vitamin C and Zinc 50mg, Vitamin D IU, Turmeric Curcumin & Ginger, B6, Elderberry Count (Pack
Online product samples immune-boosting of helpful nutrients include:. The best vitamins, minerals immune-boostting herbs for immunity Affordable immune-boosting supplements. More Hide. Contact your health-care provider immediately if you suspect that you have a medical problem. Feb 1, Written By Jillian Kubala MS, RD. What's the best supplement for me?	However, some green tea extracts might cause liver damage, especially when taken on an empty stomach [ , ]. To report an issue with this product or seller, click here. However, findings have been mixed from trials of the effects of vitamin A supplementation on the risk and severity of pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections in children [ 33 , 52 ]. Supplementation did not affect the time required to recover from illness. Several clinical trials have examined the effects of zinc supplementation on the incidence of pneumonia and as an adjunctive treatment for pneumonia.	Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics	Vitamins that boost immune system health · Vitamin C · Vitamin B6 · Vitamin E · Zinc · Selenium Vitamin C: Naturally found in foods like apples, oranges, and kale, vitamin C is essential to immune system health. Vitamin E: Known as a potent antioxidant The 4 vitamins and supplements this immunologist takes every day to strengthen her immune system: 'Your body will thank you' · 1. Vitamin C · 2	Aim for five to nine servings of vegetables and fruits daily to provide those immune-boosting vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. A serving of Vitamin C: Naturally found in foods like apples, oranges, and kale, vitamin C is essential to immune system health. Vitamin E: Known as a potent antioxidant Some of the most effective supplements include Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zinc, and Probiotics
Sign Affordable immune-boosting supplements Affordable food discounts Get smarter about your supplfments and career with Affordable immune-boosting supplements weekly newsletter. In addition, echinacea might reduce the Immune-boostinng of immunosuppressants due to its potential immunostimulatory activity [ ]. However, as ofthe Food and Drug Administration has not approved TB Pinterest Icon. Overall, we highly recommend KAPPA NUTRITION Immune C Plus Advanced Complex for those looking to boost their immune system and promote healthy aging for their body and mind.	Saccharomyces boulardii users also had fewer stools on the fourth day and were less likely to have persistent diarrhea for more than 7 days. In addition, at least 50 case reports since have linked consumption of green tea extracts, primarily ethanolic extracts of green tea, with liver damage [ ]. Whether maternal vitamin A supplementation affects the morbidity and mortality of breastfed infants was the focus of a cross-sectional study in lactating people with HIV from sub-Saharan Africa [ 49 ]. Remember to drink adequate fluids throughout the day. It's flu season again, so most people get a flu shot and strive to stay healthy. Diarrhea is associated with high mortality rates among children in low-income countries, where it causes about , deaths annually [ , ].	Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics	The Effects of the Interest in Immune Boosting Supplements · Vitamin C · Zinc · Fiber-rich larch tree extract · Antioxidant-rich elderberry powder Otherwise known as pyridoxine, vitamin B6 is in charge of keeping the immune system strong, aiding in the production of white blood cells and T Vitamin C: Naturally found in foods like apples, oranges, and kale, vitamin C is essential to immune system health. Vitamin E: Known as a potent antioxidant	The Effects of the Interest in Immune Boosting Supplements · Vitamin C · Zinc · Fiber-rich larch tree extract · Antioxidant-rich elderberry powder Best supplements to boost the immune system: shortlist · Cymbiotika — best supplement to support immunity with elderberry · Future Kind — best Vitamins and supplements. Popular options include turmeric, milk thistle, and echinacea, often in combination with various vitamins. Hundreds of

Otherwise known as pyridoxine, vitamin B6 is in charge of keeping the immune system strong, aiding in the production of white blood cells and T Vitamin C: Naturally found in foods like apples, oranges, and kale, vitamin C is essential to immune system health. Vitamin E: Known as a potent antioxidant Top 10 Anti-Viral Supplements to Boost Immunity · #1. Vitamin C · #2 Green Tea Extract · #3 Zinc · #4 Quercetin · #5 Elderberry · #6 N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC): Affordable immune-boosting supplements

A Online product samples included the same four trials as Affordable cleaning supplies as one that administered an herbal Affordable dining promotions containing both Afforddable and Online product samples purpurea supplemente ]. Immune-bopsting have therefore immuns-boosting whether drinking tea or immune-boosring supplemental tea catechins Afforadble the su;plements, duration, and severity of influenza or other respiratory tract infections. VIEW ALL HISTORY. nigra contain a cyanogenic glycoside that is potentially toxic and can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration due to diuresis, and cyanide poisoning [, ]. Research suggests that vitamin A supplementation reduces the risk of measles in children who are at high risk of vitamin A deficiency. Safety Finally, it's important to choose a supplement that is safe and has been tested for safety. I did have sniffles, but once I started taking them I really could feel a difference.	The gummies are gluten-free and made with natural colors and no artificial flavors. Pros Packed with mg of super-concentrated elderberry extract per serving Contains Zinc Oxide and Ginger for antioxidant-like support and immune function Provides an extra immune boost with high potency of Vitamins C and D Cons May not be suitable for people with certain medical conditions May cause mild side effects such as upset stomach or diarrhea May not work for everyone We've been using Viva Naturals Elderberry Supplement for a while now, and we're impressed with the results. population might obtain marginal amounts of zinc [ ]. Low vitamin D levels could partly explain why people with HIV appear to have a higher risk of major bone fractures [ ]. Protein Protein comes from animal and plant sources, including milk, yogurt, eggs, beef, chicken, seafood, nuts, seeds, beans and lentils. In a study in 64 hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections ALRIs , taking 30 mg of zinc per day decreased the total duration of infection and the duration of the hospital stay by an average of 2 days, compared with a placebo group Studies that found beneficial effects include a clinical trial that examined the effects of catechins and theanine an amino acid in tea on the risk of influenza in male and female health care workers age 21 years or older in Japan [ ].	Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics	Best supplements to boost the immune system: shortlist · Cymbiotika — best supplement to support immunity with elderberry · Future Kind — best Otherwise known as pyridoxine, vitamin B6 is in charge of keeping the immune system strong, aiding in the production of white blood cells and T Vitamins and supplements. Popular options include turmeric, milk thistle, and echinacea, often in combination with various vitamins. Hundreds of	Top 10 Anti-Viral Supplements to Boost Immunity · #1. Vitamin C · #2 Green Tea Extract · #3 Zinc · #4 Quercetin · #5 Elderberry · #6 N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) For example, supplements like vitamin C, zinc, and echinacea have been shown to have immune-boosting properties, which may help reduce the Immune Support Supplements · Zinc · Elderberry · Wellblends™ Immune
Natural cleaning samples addition, zinc deficiency decreases ratios immune-bootsing helper to Affordable immune-boosting supplements T cells, production Atfordable interleukin-2, supplemens activity of natural killer cells Online product samples cytotoxic T Affordable immune-boosting supplements [ Free sample sign-upsupplement5 Affordabld, 27supplments,]. Elevate your well-being with Imune-boosting Elderberry Gummies — a tasteful Online product samples effective Affordabl boost. The adaptive immune system consists of B lymphocytes B cells that secrete antibodies a process known as humoral immunity and T lymphocytes, which are also known as T cells a process known as cell-mediated immunityboth of which are pathogen specific [ ]. Many people turn to yoga when feelings of anxiety start to creep in or during times of stress. Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses that examined the effects of intravenous vitamin C in critically ill patients also had mixed findings [ 7172 ]. Focusing on a few key areas will better your chances of staying healthy.	In another analysis, vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were associated with a higher mortality risk from respiratory diseases than vitamin D sufficiency during 15 years of follow-up in 9, adults age 50—75 years in Germany [ 94 ]. Sign me up. Vitamin C deficiency impairs immune function and increases susceptibility to infections [ 5 , 58 , 60 ]. Other ingredients include hypromellose capsule , rice flour, magnesium stearate and silicon dioxide. Vitamin C is vital for immune health. Immune response. In , measles was responsible for more than , deaths around the world, mostly in young children in low-income countries [ 50 ].	Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics	Otherwise known as pyridoxine, vitamin B6 is in charge of keeping the immune system strong, aiding in the production of white blood cells and T Consuming adequate amounts of several vitamins and minerals—including vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, selenium, and zinc—is The Effects of the Interest in Immune Boosting Supplements · Vitamin C · Zinc · Fiber-rich larch tree extract · Antioxidant-rich elderberry powder
Among dupplements Online product samples at least one cold, Online product samples who took probiotics had supplememts colds mean of 1. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its Get free test products in disease preventio n. The ingredients in an immune booster supplement are crucial to its effectiveness. The sea moss drops are max potency with a high concentration of sea moss extract, making you feel rejuvenated and energized with every drop. However, more recent clinical trials and meta-analyses have yielded contrasting findings [].	Tea and its constituents might interact with certain medications. Ginseng might also inhibit virus replication and have anti-inflammatory activity. Some people may not notice any improvement after taking the supplement. Another meta-analysis found that taking vitamin A supplements to reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections might even be harmful in some circumstances [ 53 ]. Protect your immune system this fall with these vitamin supplements.	Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics	Some of the most effective supplements include Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zinc, and Probiotics Immune Support Supplements · Zinc · Elderberry · Wellblends™ Immune Missing

Affordable immune-boosting supplements - Vitamins that boost immune system health · Vitamin C · Vitamin B6 · Vitamin E · Zinc · Selenium Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics

Looking for specific info? Customer reviews. How customer reviews and ratings work Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them. Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon.

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Top reviews from the United States. There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. Verified Purchase. I love that this is formulated by a pharmacist. I was taking all of the ingredients separately, but am so happy to have found this product that is only capsules 2 daily; simplifies my immune regimen.

Will definitely purchase again! Thank you. I really like these supplements. I did have sniffles, but once I started taking them I really could feel a difference.

I am out and need to order some more. Seems to be keeping me healthy easy to swallow and no weird taste. Love it. VINE VOICE. Vine Customer Review of Free Product What's this? I think all of the ingredients are super good to keep ones immune system strong, and are excellent to take as a daily preventative.

I just wish it were only one pill to get all the goody these contain. I like that the zinc is zinc picolinate because it is highly bioavailable. Great product at a great price! If anything it makes me feel like crap.

See more reviews. About this item. Product information. Back to top. Conditions of Use Privacy Notice Your Ads Privacy Choices © , Amazon. com, Inc. or its affiliates. Recommendations GreeNatr 7 in 1 Immune Support Supplement with Vitamin C, Vitamin D3, Zinc 50mg, Quercetin, Echinacea Purpurea, Sambucus Elderberry and Ginger for Complete Immune Defense 1 Bottle.

dummy 11 in 1 Immune Defense Support Supplement Booster with Vitamin C, Vitamin D3, Vitamin B6, Zinc, Elderberry, Echinacea, Turmeric, Rose-Hips, Selenium, BioPerine, Ginger, For Adults [60 Capsules-2 Pack]. dummy Immune Support Supplement with Zinc Vitamin C Vitamin D IU Elderberry Ginger D3 Goldenseal - Dr Approved Immunity Vitamins for Adults Women and Men - Natural Immune System Booster Defense ct.

dummy GreeNatr 7 in 1 Immune Support Supplement with Vitamin C, Vitamin D3, Zinc 50mg, Quercetin, Echinacea Purpurea, Sambucus Elderberry and Ginger for Complete Immune Defense 3 Bottles.

Details Added to Cart Add to Cart. Price Per Unit. Customer Ratings. Easy to swallow. Value for money. When taken before cold symptoms start, vitamin C may shorten the duration, but it doesn't keep you from getting sick.

You may have heard that milk and other dairy products worsen congestion during an illness. Research has not proven this to be true. Bring broth to a boil in a Dutch oven. Add carrots, celery, ginger and garlic; cook uncovered over medium heat until vegetables are just tender, about 20 minutes.

Add noodles and chicken; simmer until the noodles are just tender, 8—10 minutes. Stir in dill and lemon juice. Nutrition per serving 1½ cups : calories, 4 g total fat, 2 g saturated fat, 1 g monounsaturated fat, 0 g cholesterol, 38 g protein, 18 g carbohydrates, 2 g dietary fiber, g sodium.

Mayo Clinic Healthy Living Center Serves 4 Serve as condiment with chicken steak, fish, fried eggs or toast. Heat olive oil in a pan over medium heat. Sautee onions for two minutes.

Then add all the spices; toast and stir for two minutes. Add the tomatoes, apples, vinegar and sugar. Mix together and simmer over low heat for 20—30 minutes, stirring occasionally. Season to taste. Nutrition per serving 2 tablespoons : 24 calories, 0. Kristi Wempen is a dietitian in Nutrition in Mankato , Minnesota.

Skip to main content. Posted By. Kristi Wempen, R. Recent Posts. Best budget immunity supplement. Nature's Bounty Immune 24 Hour Plus. Best capsule immunity supplement.

The Vitamin Shoppe Immune Essentials. Best gummy immunity supplement. The Vitamin Shoppe Elderberry Gummies. Best kids' immunity supplement. Best immunity drink mix.

Immune Support Drink Mix. Dosage: 2 softgels, taken daily with a meal Nature's Bounty has been around for over 50 years, and is a brand that constantly appears on our best vitamin lists. Take two softgels daily, preferably with a meal. One bottle will last about 25 days. Show less. Dosage: 2 softgels, taken daily with a meal.

Pros: Contains Vitamin C that will stay in your white blood cells for up to 24 hours Packed with 13 vitamins, minerals and herbal supplements Cons: Not vegan, contains yellow beeswax and gelatin One bottle only lasts 25 days.

Show expert take Show less. Dosage: 2 capsules, daily with a meal The Vitamin Shoppe has brick-and-mortar stores across the country, as well as an online store. Take two capsules daily, preferably with a meal. One bottle will last about 30 days. Dosage: 2 capsules, daily with a meal.

Pros: Does not contain any sugar High potency of vitamin C, vitamin D3 and zinc Cons: Contains only three vitamins and one herbal supplement One bottle will only last 30 days. Dosage: 2 gummies, daily with a meal My favorite vitamins on this list are gummy supplements from The Vitamin Shoppe.

One bottle will last about 60 days. Dosage: 2 gummies, daily with a meal. Take two gummies daily, preferably with a meal. Pros: Raspberry flavor tastes amazing Will last you about 60 days Cons: Each serving contains 4 grams of sugar The sugary taste isn't for everyone.

Dosage: 1 to 2 gummies Olly is sold at Target , CVS , Walgreens and Amazon. Dosage: 1 to 2 gummies. Pros: Easy for children to chew Great taste that children will like Cons: Recommend seeking a doctor before giving any vitamins to children Easy for children to confuse gummy vitamins with candy.

Best immunity drink mix Liquid I. Pros: Comes in two delicious flavors: tangerine and wild berry Faster hydration than water alone Cons: Most expensive on this list One stick contains 10 g of sugar. Immunity supplements FAQs. The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice.

Affordable immune-boosting supplements - Vitamins that boost immune system health · Vitamin C · Vitamin B6 · Vitamin E · Zinc · Selenium Missing Vitamins B6, C and E are all known for their immune-boosting properties. You can get all of these vitamins from a well-balanced diet, so you don't need 10 Foods and Supplements to Boost the Immune System · 1. Antioxidant-rich foods · 2. Protein · 3. Vitamin D · 4. Vitamin C · 5. Zinc · 6. Probiotics

This analysis included 25 clinical trials and a total of 10, participants from newborns to adults age 95 years [ 99 ]. Study durations ranged from 7 weeks to 1. However, vitamin D supplementation was beneficial only in participants who took supplements daily or weekly, not in those who took one or more bolus doses.

A subsequent systematic review and meta-analysis by the same research team that included 46 clinical trials and a total of 75, participants age 0 to 95 years found some benefits of vitamin D supplementation [ ].

Other systematic reviews and meta-analyses have also found that vitamin D supplementation helps reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections and influenza in children and adults [ ] and that vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adults [ ].

In addition, serum 25 OH D concentrations are inversely associated with risk and severity of acute respiratory tract infections [ ]. In contrast, a meta-analysis of 30 clinical trials in a total of 30, participants age 3 to 81 years found that vitamin D supplementation did not reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections [ ].

Mixed findings were reported in a meta-analysis of six trials in a total of 6, children and seven trials in a total of 3, adults [ 54 ]. Vitamin D supplementation did not reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections in adolescents and adults in two clinical trials whose results were published in [ , ].

In one of these trials, 34, men and women age 18 to 75 years in Norway who were not taking daily vitamin D supplements took 5 mL cod liver oil containing 10 mcg IU vitamin D3 or placebo for up to 6 months during the winter [ ].

The cod liver oil did not reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections. The other trial involved 6, participants age 16 years or older in the United Kingdom who were not taking vitamin D supplements [ ]. Half of the participants were offered a vitamin D blood test.

The other participants were not offered vitamin D tests or supplementation, and the study did not use a placebo. Neither lower nor higher doses of vitamin D3 reduced the risk of acute respiratory tract infections.

Researchers have also examined whether vitamin D supplementation helps treat respiratory tract infections, but results suggest that it has limited, if any, benefits. A meta-analysis included 18 clinical trials in a total of 3, participants with mean ages between 12 months and 62 years [ ].

It assessed whether one-time, daily, or occasional vitamin D doses ranging from 15 to 15, mcg IU to , IU , depending on dosing schedule, for up to 8 months helped treat respiratory infections.

Treatment outcomes differed among trials but included sputum conversion for pulmonary tuberculosis , survival rate, and no need for ICU admission. Vitamin D supplementation had some small beneficial effects on treatment outcomes, but when the authors analyzed only the 12 high-quality trials, the differences between groups in the trials were no longer statistically significant.

Inflammation and comorbidities from HIV infection may also contribute to low vitamin D levels [ ]. Low vitamin D levels could partly explain why people with HIV appear to have a higher risk of major bone fractures [ ].

Vitamin D deficiency might also increase HIV infection severity [ ]. Observational studies show associations between low vitamin D status and increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis and mortality in people with HIV [ ].

In addition, low levels of vitamin D in pregnant people with HIV are associated with poor fetal and infant growth [ ]. Results from clinical trials, however, have not shown that vitamin D supplementation improves outcomes in people with HIV [ , ]. Vitamin D3 supplementation did not affect rates of mortality or pulmonary tuberculosis.

Moreover, vitamin D3 supplementation did not affect secondary outcomes, including risk of HIV progression, viral suppression, comorbidities nausea, vomiting, cough, fever, or diarrhea , changes in body weight, or depression [ ]. Another clinical trial in Tanzania examined the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy and lactation in 2, people with HIV [ ].

Vitamin D3 supplementation did not affect the risk of maternal HIV progression or death. The results also showed no difference in the risk of small-for-gestational-age birth or of infant stunting at 1 year. Daily intakes of up to 25— mcg 1, IU—4, IU vitamin D, depending on age, in foods and dietary supplements are safe for infants and children, and up to mcg 4, IU is safe for adults, including those who are pregnant or lactating [ 78 ].

These ULs, however, do not apply to people taking vitamin D under the care of a physician. Higher intakes usually from supplements can lead to nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, confusion, pain, loss of appetite, dehydration, excessive urination and thirst, and kidney stones.

In extreme cases, vitamin D toxicity causes renal failure, calcification of soft tissues throughout the body including in coronary vessels and heart valves , cardiac arrhythmias, and even death [ ].

Several types of medications might interact with vitamin D. For example, orlistat, statins, and steroids can reduce vitamin D levels [ , ]. In addition, taking vitamin D supplements with thiazide diuretics might lead to hypercalcemia [ ].

More information on vitamin D is available in the ODS health professional fact sheet on vitamin D. For information on vitamin D and COVID, please see the ODS health professional fact sheet, Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID Vitamin E, also called alpha-tocopherol, is an essential nutrient that is present in several foods , including nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and green leafy vegetables.

The RDA for vitamin E is 4 to 15 mg for infants and children, depending on age, and 15 to 19 mg for adults, including those who are pregnant or lactating [ 56 ]. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that plays an important role in immune function by helping maintain cell membrane integrity and epithelial barriers and by enhancing antibody production, lymphocyte proliferation, and natural killer cell activity [ 4 , 5 , 15 , 17 , 25 , 58 , 79 , ].

Vitamin E also limits inflammation by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines [ ]. Human and animal studies suggest that vitamin E deficiency impairs humoral and cell-mediated immunity, is associated with reduced natural killer cell activity, and increases susceptibility to infections [ 5 , , ].

Frank vitamin E deficiency is rare, except in people with intestinal malabsorption disorders [ 56 , 79 ]. Research on the ability of vitamin E to improve immune function tends to use supplemental vitamin E rather than simply ensuring that study participants achieve adequate vitamin E status because it is thought that higher doses may be needed to achieve beneficial effects [ ].

However, study findings have been mixed. However, vitamin E supplementation did not affect the risk of death from pneumonia within 30 days of the initial hospitalization. A few clinical trials that have examined the effects of vitamin E supplementation on respiratory tract infections in infants and young children or in older adults suggest that vitamin E offers limited benefits and might even increase symptom severity.

A clinical trial in a low-income urban area in India examined the effects of mg alpha-tocopherol and mg ascorbic acid twice daily or placebo for 5 days in infants and young children age 2 to 35 months who were hospitalized with severe acute lower respiratory tract infections and receiving standard care [ ].

Supplementation did not affect the time required to recover from illness. Another clinical trial in which healthy men and women age 60 years or older took one of four different treatments daily for about 15 months identified no benefits and, in fact, found potential risks of vitamin E supplementation to prevent respiratory tract infections.

All but one of the participants had adequate vitamin E concentrations at the start of the study. The vitamin E supplements did not affect the incidence of acute respiratory tract infections throughout the trial. Moreover, participants who took the vitamin E supplement had longer durations of illness, more severe symptoms including fever and activity restrictions , and greater numbers of symptoms than those who did not take vitamin E.

Results were also negative in a similar trial in adults age 65 or older living in nursing homes to determine whether daily supplementation with IU vitamin E 91 mg, as dl -alpha-tocopherol for 1 year reduced the risk of upper or lower respiratory tract infections [ ].

Vitamin E supplementation did not affect the incidence of upper or lower respiratory tract infections or the total durations of the infections. Vitamin E supplementation for a median of 6. Among the 5, participants who smoked more than 19 cigarettes per day or did not exercise, however, vitamin E supplementation did not affect the risk of pneumonia.

All intake levels of vitamin E found naturally in foods are considered safe. These ULs, however, do not apply to people taking vitamin E under the care of a physician. Vitamin E supplementation might interact with certain medications, including anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications.

It might also reduce the effectiveness of radiation therapy and chemotherapy by protecting tumor cells from the action of these agents [ 76 , , ]. More information on vitamin E is available in the ODS health professional fact sheet on vitamin E.

For information on vitamin E and COVID, please see the ODS health professional fact sheet, Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID Selenium is an essential mineral contained in many foods , including Brazil nuts, seafood, meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products as well as bread, cereals, and other grain products.

The RDA for selenium is 15 to 70 mcg for infants and children, depending on age, and 55 to 70 mcg for adults, including those who are pregnant or lactating [ 56 ]. Human and animal studies suggest that selenium helps support both the innate and adaptive immune systems through its role in T-cell maturation and function and in natural killer cell activity [ 2 , 25 , 58 , ].

It may also reduce the risk of infections [ 2 , 15 , 25 , 58 , ]. As a component of enzymes that have antioxidant activities, selenium might help reduce the systemic inflammatory response that can lead to ARDS and organ failure [ 27 , 58 , , ]. Low selenium status in humans has been associated with lower natural killer cell activity, increased risk of some bacterial infections, and increased virulence of certain viruses, including hepatitis B and C [ 2 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 27 , , , ].

However, evidence is conflicting whether selenium supplementation enhances immunity against pathogens in humans [ ]. Studies have also examined whether intravenous selenium which is classified as a drug in the United States benefits adults with sepsis; those who are critically ill and requiring mechanical ventilation; adults who are undergoing elective major surgery; or those who are critically ill from burns, head injury, brain hemorrhage, or stroke [ , , ].

The results of these studies provide no clear evidence of benefit. Selenium status varies by geographic region because of differences in the amounts of selenium in soil and in local foods consumed [ 56 , ]. Selenium deficiency is very rare in the United States and Canada, but low selenium status is common in some areas of the world, such as parts of Europe and China [ , ].

In children and adults with HIV, selenium deficiency is associated with a higher risk of morbidity and mortality [ ].

However, studies that examined whether micronutrient supplementation, including selenium, affects risk of HIV transmission or disease outcomes in children and adults have had mixed results.

An observational study in Thailand did not identify associations between selenium status in children with HIV and treatment outcomes [ ]. This study included boys and girls with HIV median age 7.

Baseline selenium levels all of which were adequate showed no associations with ART treatment outcomes. Clinical trials have found limited beneficial effects of selenium supplementation on immune function in people with HIV. Selenium supplementation provided no benefits in another trial that randomized men and women with HIV mean age Two Cochrane Reviews also concluded that selenium supplements offer little, if any, benefit for people with HIV.

The authors found that evidence was insufficient to determine whether supplementation with selenium alone is beneficial. Researchers have also examined whether blood selenium levels or selenium supplementation affect pregnancy outcomes in people with HIV.

Findings from these studies suggest that low blood selenium levels are associated with a higher risk of preterm delivery and that selenium supplementation might reduce the risk of preterm delivery but has mixed effects on other outcomes.

For example, a cross-sectional study in Nigeria of pregnant individuals age 15—49 years with HIV found that those with a selenium deficiency defined as blood selenium less than 0.

In a clinical trial in Nigeria, researchers examined whether selenium supplementation affects pregnancy outcomes and disease progression in 90 pregnant individuals mean age These ULs, however, do not apply to people taking selenium under the care of a physician. Higher intakes of selenium can cause a garlic odor in the breath and a metallic taste in the mouth as well as hair and nail loss or brittleness [ 56 ].

Other signs and symptoms of excess selenium intakes include nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, mottled teeth, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system abnormalities. Cisplatin, a chemotherapy agent used to treat ovarian, bladder, lung, and other cancers, can reduce selenium levels in hair, plasma, and serum [ , ].

The evidence from studies examining whether selenium supplementation helps reduce the side effects of cisplatin and other chemotherapy agents is uncertain [ , ]. More information on selenium is available in the ODS health professional fact sheet on selenium.

For information on selenium and COVID, please see the ODS health professional fact sheet, Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID Zinc is an essential nutrient contained in a wide variety of foods , including oysters, crab, lobster, beef, pork, poultry, beans, nuts, whole grains, and dairy products.

The RDA for zinc is 2—13 mg for infants and children, depending on age, and 8—12 mg for adults, including those who are pregnant or lactating [ 29 ].

Zinc is involved in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism. It is necessary for the catalytic activity of approximately enzymes and it plays a role in many body processes, including both the innate and adaptive immune systems [ 2 , 5 , 29 , 58 , ].

Zinc also has antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, and it helps maintain the integrity of tissue barriers, such as the respiratory epithelia [ 5 , 58 , 83 , ]. Zinc deficiency adversely affects immune function by impairing the formation, activation, and maturation of lymphocytes.

In addition, zinc deficiency decreases ratios of helper to suppressor T cells, production of interleukin-2, and activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells [ 2 , 4 , 5 , 27 , , , ].

Furthermore, zinc deficiency is associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators [ ]. These effects on immune response probably increase susceptibility to infections [ ] and inflammatory diseases, especially those affecting the lungs [ ].

Studies have found associations between low zinc status and higher risk of viral infections [ 79 ], and people with zinc deficiency have a higher risk of diarrhea and respiratory diseases [ 2 ]. Poor zinc status is also common among people with HIV or hepatitis C and is a risk factor for pneumonia in older adults [ 27 , 58 , , , ].

Some research suggests that zinc supplementation increases the number of T cells in the blood of older adults living in nursing homes [ ]. population might obtain marginal amounts of zinc [ ].

Older adults are among the groups most likely to have low intakes. Researchers have hypothesized that zinc could reduce the severity and duration of cold symptoms by directly inhibiting rhinovirus binding and replication in the nasal mucosa and suppressing inflammation [ , ].

In studies of the effects of zinc supplements on the common cold, zinc is usually administered in a lozenge or syrup that temporarily sticks to the mouth and throat, placing the zinc in contact with the rhinovirus in those areas.

The results from clinical trials that have examined the effects of supplemental zinc on the common cold have been inconsistent. Overall, however, supplemental zinc in lozenge or syrup form appears to reduce the duration, but not the severity, of signs and symptoms of the common cold when taken shortly after a person develops a cold [ ].

In one clinical trial that found beneficial effects of zinc on the common cold, 50 adults took a zinc acetate lozenge In comparison with placebo, the zinc lozenges reduced the duration of colds by 3 days and the severity of cold symptoms cough, nasal discharge, and muscle aches [ ].

Results were more mixed in another clinical trial in which adults with experimentally induced colds took lozenges containing zinc gluconate Illnesses lasted 1 day less with the zinc gluconate lozenges than with the placebo, but the lozenges had no effect on symptom severity.

Furthermore, the 5. In a second trial described in the same report, neither zinc gluconate nor zinc acetate lozenges affected the duration or severity of cold symptoms in comparison with placebo in adults with colds [ ].

A systematic review and meta-analysis found that zinc appears to reduce the duration of the common cold but has mixed effects on the severity of signs and symptoms [ ].

It included 28 clinical trials including the three described above with a total of 5, participants mostly adults younger than 65 years who had a community-acquired viral respiratory tract infection or were inoculated with a rhinovirus.

Most trials provided zinc in the form of zinc acetate or gluconate lozenges with total daily zinc doses of 45 to mg for up to 2 weeks, but some trials used nasal sprays or gels.

In participants who used products containing zinc, symptoms resolved an average of 2 days earlier than in those who took a placebo.

Zinc also reduced the severity of symptoms on the third day of illness. However, average daily symptom severity did not differ between those who were and were not treated with zinc supplements.

In addition, zinc did not affect the risk of developing a cold after rhinovirus inoculation. Other recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have also found that zinc shortens the duration of the signs and symptoms of colds but does not reduce the risk of colds [ 54 , 67 , ].

Poor zinc status is associated with greater susceptibility to pneumonia, more severe disease, and higher mortality risk in children [ ]. Several clinical trials have examined the effects of zinc supplementation on the incidence of pneumonia and as an adjunctive treatment for pneumonia.

However, most research suggests that the adjunctive use of zinc supplements to treat pneumonia in children does not affect mortality or time to recovery. A systematic review and meta-analysis included 11 clinical trials in children age 2 to 60 months with mostly severe pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries [ ].

Another meta-analysis of six placebo-controlled trials that included 2, children age 2 to 60 months found that zinc supplementation reduced mortality rates from severe pneumonia but not rates of treatment failure or changes in antibiotic therapy [ ].

Diarrhea is associated with high mortality rates among children in low-income countries, where it causes about , deaths annually [ , ]. Zinc supplementation may benefit children with acute diarrhea, especially in low-income countries, where zinc deficiency is common. Clinical trials show that zinc supplementation helps shorten the duration of diarrhea in children in low-income countries.

A Cochrane Review included 33 trials that compared the effects of zinc supplementation with those of placebo in 10, children age 1 month to 5 years who had acute or persistent diarrhea [ ]. Most studies were conducted in Asian countries that had high rates of zinc deficiency.

Zinc was administered in the form of zinc acetate, zinc gluconate, or zinc sulphate. In addition, evidence that the authors deemed to have high certainty showed that zinc supplementation reduces the duration of diarrhea in children with signs of malnutrition by about a day.

In children younger than 6 months, however, zinc supplementation did not affect mean duration of diarrhea or persistence of diarrhea for 7 days. A systematic review and meta-analysis had similar findings. It examined the use of zinc alone or in combination with other treatments for acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis in studies in 32, children, mostly from low- and middle-income countries [ ].

Analyses showed that zinc alone or in combination reduced the duration of diarrhea by about ¾ to 1½ days. The authors concluded that zinc was one of the most effective interventions of those examined, especially when it was combined with Saccharomyces boulardii a probiotic or smectite a natural clay that contains minerals , for reducing the duration of acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children.

The WHO and UNICEF recommend supplementation with 20 mg zinc per day, or 10 mg for infants younger than 6 months, for 10 to 14 days to treat acute childhood diarrhea [ ].

However, most trials of zinc supplementation for diarrhea have been conducted in low-income countries [ ]. In well-nourished children, zinc supplements might have only a marginal effect on diarrhea duration. HIV infection reduces the absorption and metabolism of zinc from foods [ ].

In addition, people with HIV often have diarrhea, which can result in excessive losses of zinc. For these reasons, people with HIV often have low plasma or serum zinc levels.

Several clinical trials have found some beneficial effects of zinc supplementation to manage the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection. However, findings were less positive in two Cochrane Reviews and another trial not included in either Cochrane Review that assessed the potential benefits of supplementation with micronutrients, including zinc, or placebo in various populations with HIV.

However, zinc supplementation did not affect viral load or mortality rates in this second trial. However, the supplements blunted the rise in hemoglobin concentrations between baseline and 6 weeks after delivery. These ULs, however, do not apply to people taking zinc under the care of a physician.

Higher intakes can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headaches, and a metallic taste in the mouth [ 29 , 32 ].

In clinical trials in children, zinc supplementation to treat diarrhea increased the risk of vomiting more than placebo [ , ]. Zinc supplements might interact with several types of medications. For example, zinc can reduce the absorption of some types of antibiotics and penicillamine, a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis [ , ].

Other medications, such as thiazide diuretics and certain antibiotics, can reduce zinc absorption [ , ]. More information on zinc is available in the ODS health professional fact sheet on zinc. For information on zinc and COVID, please see the ODS health professional fact sheet, Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID Andrographis paniculata , also known as Chuān Xīn Lián, is an herb that is native to subtropical and Southeast Asia [ ].

Its leaves and other aerial above-ground parts are used in traditional Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Thai medicine for relieving symptoms of the common cold, influenza, and other respiratory tract infections [ ].

The active constituents of andrographis are believed to be andrographolide and related compounds, which are diterpene lactones that might have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulating effects [ , , ].

Results from several clinical trials suggest that andrographis might reduce the duration of upper respiratory tract infections and the severity of symptoms. One of these trials used a common andrographis preparation called Kan Jang.

The trial included 50 men and women age 18 to 50 years with the common cold who took four tablets of Kan Jang each containing 85 mg of an andrographis extract three times daily for 5 days 1, mg total daily dose or placebo within 3 days of developing cold symptoms [ ]. Participants who took Kan Jang experienced milder symptoms, recovered sooner, and took fewer days of sick leave than those who took placebo.

In another clinical trial, men and women age 18 to 60 years with upper respiratory tract infections took either KalmCold containing mg of an andrographis extract twice daily or placebo for 5 days [ ]. The results showed no differences in symptom severity during days 1 to 3 of treatment.

However, between days 3 and 5, participants who took KalmCold experienced milder symptoms—including cough, nasal discharge, headache, fever, and sore throat but not earache —than those who took placebo.

Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses of clinical trials found that andrographis preparations had beneficial effects on symptoms and duration of the common cold.

The more recent of these analyses, published in , included 33 clinical trials including the two described above that evaluated the effects of andrographis alone or in combination with other herbs on symptoms of acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in a total of 7, participants [ ].

Treatment protocols varied widely, but typical daily doses ranged from to 1, mg andrographis extract for 3 to 7 days; studies compared andrographis with placebo, usual care, or other herbal interventions. The analyses showed that andrographis significantly reduced the severity of cough, sore throat, and overall symptoms.

However, the authors noted that the findings should be interpreted with caution because the studies were heterogenous and many were of poor quality. Similar findings were reported from a systematic review and meta-analysis [ ]. It included six clinical trials including the two described above that administered Kan Jang or KalmCold All studies in this analysis compared andrographis with placebo, not usual care or other herbal interventions as in the meta-analysis described above.

Andrographis reduced the frequency and severity of cough to a greater extent than placebo. Three earlier systematic reviews also showed that andrographis appears to alleviate symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections [ , , ].

Although these findings suggest that andrographis might be useful to manage the symptoms and reduce the duration of upper respiratory tract infections, the evidence has several weaknesses.

For example, the studies used different andrographis formulations, and many of the clinical trials were conducted by investigators affiliated with the manufacturer of Kan Jang or KalmCold [ , ]. Clinical trials have found minor adverse effects, including nausea, vomiting, vertigo, skin rashes, diarrhea, and fatigue [ , , ].

Allergic reactions might also occur [ , ]. Findings from some animal studies suggest that andrographis might adversely affect fertility, so experts recommend against its use by men and women during the preconception period and by people who are pregnant [ , , ].

According to animal and laboratory studies, andrographis might decrease blood pressure and inhibit platelet aggregation, so it could interact with antihypertensive and anticoagulant medications by enhancing their effects [ ]. Because of its potential immune-stimulating effects, andrographis might also reduce the effectiveness of immunosuppressants [ , ].

For information on andrographis and COVID, please see the ODS health professional fact sheet, Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID Echinacea, commonly known as purple coneflower, is an herb that grows in North America and Europe [ ].

Although the genus Echinacea has many species, extracts of E. purpurea , E. angustifolia , and E. pallida are the most frequently used in dietary supplements. The echinacea supplements on the market in the United States often contain extracts from multiple species and plant parts [ ].

Echinacea contains volatile terpenes, polysaccharides, polyacetylenes, alkamides, phenolic compounds, caffeic acid esters, and glycoproteins [ ].

Echinacea might have antibacterial activities, stimulate monocytes and natural killer cells, and inhibit virus binding to host cells [ 3 , ]. It might also reduce inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines [ 3 ].

Most studies of echinacea have assessed whether it helps prevent and treat the common cold and other upper respiratory illnesses, but it has also been used in traditional medicine to promote wound healing [ , ]. Results from clinical trials examining the effects of echinacea for the common cold have been mixed.

Overall, studies suggest echinacea might slightly reduce the risk of developing a cold but does not shorten the duration or severity of illness.

For example, one clinical trial examined the effects of echinacea on the risk of the common cold in men and women mean age 23 years [ ]. purpurea extract Echinaforce or placebo; if participants came down with a cold during the study, they increased their dose to 4, mg per day.

Participants taking echinacea had fewer colds and fewer days with cold symptoms than those taking a placebo. Another clinical trial examined whether echinacea helps treat the common cold in male and female participants age 12 to 80 years who developed cold symptoms within 36 hours before enrollment [ ].

Participants took E. purpurea and E. angustifolia extracts four times a day for a combined dose of 10, mg during the first 24 hours and then 5, mg for 4 days or placebo. Echinacea did not shorten illness duration or severity.

A systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of echinacea E. purpurea , E angustifolia , E. pallida , or more than one form to prevent upper respiratory tract infections or reduce the duration of illness [ ].

Nine clinical trials eight in adults and one in children were included in the prevention meta-analysis portion of this analysis, and seven all in adults were included in the duration meta-analysis, including the two trials described above [ , ].

A Cochrane Review of echinacea use for preventing and treating the common cold had similar results [ ]. The review included 24 clinical trials with a total of 4, participants. Limited research has also examined whether echinacea is beneficial for influenza.

One clinical trial found that echinacea had similar effects to oseltamivir Tamiflu , a medication used to treat influenza. This trial included male and female participants age 12 to 70 who had had influenza symptoms for up to 48 hours [ ]. Participants took either E. The results showed no difference between E.

Purpurea and oseltamivir followed by placebo in rapidity of recovery from influenza after 1 day, 5 days, or 10 days of treatment. In addition, participants taking echinacea experienced fewer adverse events, especially nausea and vomiting.

Additional research is needed to confirm this finding. Echinacea appears to be safe. In rare cases, echinacea can cause allergic reactions [ ]. The safety of echinacea during pregnancy is not known, so experts recommend against the use of echinacea supplements by people who are pregnant [ ].

Echinacea might interact with several medications. For example, echinacea might increase cytochrome P activity, thereby reducing levels of some drugs metabolized by these enzymes [ ].

In addition, echinacea might reduce the effectiveness of immunosuppressants due to its potential immunostimulatory activity [ ]. For information on echinacea and COVID, please see the ODS health professional fact sheet, Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID Elderberry contains many compounds—including anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids—that might have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and immune-stimulating effects [ 3 , ].

Studies of the effects of elderberry have primarily used elderberry extracts, not the berries themselves [ ]. Components of elderberry might help prevent respiratory infections by inhibiting virus binding to host cells and by stimulating the immune system [ ].

A few clinical trials have examined the effects of elderberry on the common cold and influenza. The results from these trials have been mixed. However, overall, they suggest that elderberry might help relieve symptoms of respiratory tract infections.

One clinical trial examined whether elderberry extract helps prevent and treat the common cold [ ]. Elderberry extract did not reduce the number of participants who developed a cold. However, among participants who did develop a cold, elderberry extract reduced cold duration by about 2 days and reduced the severity of symptoms.

A meta-analysis included four clinical trials including the trial described above of the effects of elderberry supplementation on upper respiratory symptoms caused by the common cold or flu in a total of participants age 5 to 59 years [ ].

The analysis showed that elderberry supplementation reduced the duration of upper respiratory symptoms, and the effect was stronger for symptoms of influenza than for those caused by the common cold. A review included the same four trials as well as one that administered an herbal preparation containing both elderberry and Echinacea purpurea [ ].

The results showed that elderberry might help relieve symptoms of the common cold and influenza when taken close to the onset of symptoms and for up to 2 weeks.

In contrast, in a clinical trial, 87 male and female participants age 5 years and older with influenza for less than 48 hours took 15 ml 5, mg elderberry extract twice daily for ages 5 to 12 years and four times daily for ages 13 and older or placebo for 5 days [ ].

Elderberry had no effect on the duration or severity of illness. A systematic review of five clinical trials of elderberry to treat viral respiratory illnesses found beneficial effects on some, but not all, outcomes [ ]. The results showed that elderberry supplementation for 2 to 16 days might reduce the severity and duration of the common cold and the duration of flu but does not appear to reduce the risk of the common cold.

However, the authors noted that the studies were small, heterogeneous, and of poor quality. Elderberry flowers and ripe fruit appear to be safe for consumption.

However, the bark, leaves, seeds, and raw or unripe fruit of S. nigra contain a cyanogenic glycoside that is potentially toxic and can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration due to diuresis, and cyanide poisoning [ , , ]. The heat from cooking destroys this toxin, so cooked elderberry fruit and properly processed commercial products do not pose this safety concern [ 3 , , , , ].

Elderberry might affect insulin and glucose metabolism, so according to experts, people with diabetes should use it with caution [ ]. The safety of elderberry during pregnancy is not known, so experts recommend against the use of elderberry supplements by people who are pregnant [ , ].

Recent analyses suggest that some elderberry supplements are highly diluted or have been adulterated with a cheaper ingredient, such as black rice extract, instead of elderberry [ , ]. Due to its potential immunostimulatory activity, elderberry might reduce the effectiveness of immunosuppressant medications [ ].

For information on elderberry and COVID, please see the ODS health professional fact sheet, Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID Garlic Allium sativum is a vegetable with a long history of culinary use.

Garlic is also available as a dietary supplement in softgel, capsule, tablet, and liquid forms [ ]. Researchers have studied garlic mainly to determine whether it lowers blood pressure and cholesterol levels, but it might also have antiviral properties [ 32 , ].

These properties are often attributed to two compounds in garlic—allicin and ajoen [ ]. Garlic might also have antimicrobial and antifungal activity [ ].

Some dietary supplements contain aged garlic extract, prepared from sliced garlic that is soaked in an aqueous ethanol solution for up to 20 months. The extract is then filtered and concentrated [ , ]. Aged garlic extract contains compounds, such as lectins, fructo-oligosaccharide, and N-alpha-fructosyl arginine, that might affect immune cell function [ ].

It also contains S-allyl-L-cysteine and other compounds that might have antioxidant effects and reduce some inflammatory markers [ , ]. Only a few clinical trials have examined whether garlic supplements help prevent or treat the common cold or influenza, and results are inconclusive.

One trial included healthy men and women mean age 26 years who took 2. After 45 days, the researchers took blood samples from the participants and cultured the natural killer cells and gamma delta T cells. The natural killer cells and gamma delta T cells from participants who took the extract had a higher proliferation rate than those from participants who took placebo.

After 90 days, the number of illnesses colds and influenza did not differ between groups, nor did the average number of symptoms per illness. However, participants who took aged garlic extract reported a smaller total number of symptoms during the study. Results were more positive in another trial, in which men and women mean age 53 years took one capsule of a garlic supplement dose not specified or placebo daily for 12 weeks between November and February [ ].

Participants who took garlic had fewer colds 24 among the full study population during the study than those who took placebo 65 colds. In addition, colds lasted an average of only 1. Garlic is safely consumed worldwide as a culinary ingredient [ ], and garlic and its derivatives are generally recognized as safe, according to the U.

Food and Drug Administration FDA [ ]. The adverse effects of garlic dietary supplements are minor and include bad breath, body odor, and skin rash [ 32 , , ]. Garlic might interact with medications. For example, garlic might have anticoagulant effects, so it might interact with warfarin Coumadin and similar medications [ , , ].

However, the findings from reported case studies on this interaction are inconclusive [ ]. Garlic might also reduce blood pressure, so it might interact with antihypertensive medications [ ].

Ginseng is the common name of several species of the genus Panax , most commonly Panax ginseng also called Asian ginseng or Korean ginseng and Panax quinquefolius American ginseng [ , ]. Asian ginseng is endemic to China and Korea, whereas American ginseng is endemic to the United States and Canada [ ].

Triterpene glycosides, also known as ginsenosides, are some of the main purported active constituents of ginseng [ , ]. Although ginseng contains numerous ginsenosides, research has focused on the Rb1 ginsenoside and compound K, a bioactive substance formed when the intestinal microbiota metabolize ginsenosides [ , ].

Animal and laboratory studies suggest that ginseng stimulates B-lymphocyte proliferation and increases production of some interleukins and interferon-gamma [ ]; these cytokines affect immune activation and modulation [ 1 ]. Ginseng might also inhibit virus replication and have anti-inflammatory activity.

However, whether ginseng has a clinically meaningful effect on immune function in humans is not clear [ , ]. Another botanical, eleuthero Eleutherococus senticosus , is sometimes confused with true ginseng. Eleuthero used to be called Siberian ginseng, but it comes from the Eleutherococcus genus of plants, not the Panax genus, and it does not contain ginsenosides [ ].

Several clinical trials have examined whether ginseng helps prevent upper respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold and influenza. Although the evidence is limited, results from these trials suggest that ginseng might help reduce the risk of developing colds and other respiratory tract infections.

However, its effects on symptom severity and duration are unclear. In one clinical trial, healthy men and women age 30 to 70 years who had not received an influenza vaccine in the previous 6 months took 1 g Panax ginseng extract three times daily or placebo for 12 weeks [ ].

Participants taking ginseng were less likely to develop an acute respiratory infection during the study period. However, for study participants who did develop an infection, symptom duration and severity did not differ between groups. A few clinical trials have examined the effects of CVT-E COLD-fX , a patented ginseng extract that contains mg Panax quinquefolius in each capsule.

One of these trials included men and women age 18 to 65 years with a history of at least two colds during the previous year who had not received an influenza vaccine in the past 6 months [ ].

Participants took either two capsules per day of Cold-fX for a daily dose of mg ginseng or placebo for 4 months starting in November. Participants who took ginseng developed fewer self-reported colds mean 0. In addition, ginseng reduced the total number of days with cold symptoms from a mean of A systematic review and meta-analysis of ginseng to prevent or treat acute upper respiratory tract infections included 10 clinical trials of Panax ginseng or Panax quinquefolius extracts including those described above in a total of 2, participants [ ].

The authors noted that the risk of bias was high to unclear for most trials and that the limitations of the evidence prevented them from drawing conclusions.

Ginseng appears to be safe. Most of its adverse effects, including headache, sleep difficulty, and gastrointestinal symptoms, are minor [ , , ]. However, doses of more than 2. A few case reports of vaginal bleeding and mastalgia breast pain in the s and s from the use of ginseng preparations raised concerns about the safety of ginseng; as a result, some scientists concluded that ginseng has estrogenic effects [ ].

However, one of these case reports involved use of Rumanian ginseng [ ], and whether this was true ginseng is not clear. In addition, eleuthero was often referred to, incorrectly, as ginseng at that time because it was called Siberian ginseng. So, it is unclear whether these case reports reflected the effects of true ginseng.

Nevertheless, some experts caution that ginseng might not be safe for use during pregnancy [ , , ]. Ginseng might interact with many medications. For example, it might increase the risk of hypoglycemia if taken with antidiabetes medications, increase the risk of adverse effects if taken with stimulants, and reduce the effectiveness of immunosuppressants [ , ].

For information on ginseng and COVID, please see the ODS health professional fact sheet, Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID Tea Camellia sinensis is a popular beverage around the world that has several purported health benefits.

Tea is usually classified into one of three types—green, black, and oolong—according to the way in which the tea leaves are processed [ ]. Green tea is made from dried and steamed tea leaves, whereas black and oolong teas are made from fermented tea leaves.

Tea extracts are also available as dietary supplements. The purported health effects may vary by the type of tea as well as whether it is consumed as a beverage or dietary supplement. Tea is one of the richest sources of catechins, which are polyphenolic flavonoids, especially epigallocatechin gallate EGCG [ , ].

A typical mL cup of brewed green tea contains 50 to mg of catechins [ ], whereas the same amount of brewed black tea contains about 14 to 88 mg of catechins [ ]. Amounts vary, however, among tea samples and by brewing time.

Studies are evaluating the potential health benefits of EGCG and other catechins, including their ability to modulate the immune system and their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties [ , ]. Laboratory studies suggest that catechins might also have antiviral effects against the influenza A and B viruses [ ].

Laboratory research suggests that tea and tea catechins might have antiviral activity. Researchers have therefore examined whether drinking tea or taking supplemental tea catechins affects the risk, duration, and severity of influenza or other respiratory tract infections.

However, evidence from clinical trials is limited and mixed. Studies that found beneficial effects include a clinical trial that examined the effects of catechins and theanine an amino acid in tea on the risk of influenza in male and female health care workers age 21 years or older in Japan [ ].

However, for laboratory-confirmed influenza, the incidence of influenza did not differ between groups. A systematic review and meta-analysis also showed that tea and tea catechins had some beneficial effects on the risk of influenza and other upper respiratory tract infections, although the evidence had some limitations [ ].

The analysis included five prospective cohort studies and clinical trials that administered tea as a dietary supplement or beverage including the trial described above in a total of 1, participants.

Results were also mixed in a clinical trial examining whether drinking mL of a bottled beverage containing mg of catechins for 12 weeks during the winter affected the duration and severity of upper respiratory tract infections in healthy Japanese men and women mean age Catechins reduced the duration and severity of a runny nose, nasal congestion, and headache but did not affect other symptoms, including sore throat, cough, and fever.

Drinking moderate amounts of tea is safe. Green tea extract causes mostly mild to moderate adverse effects, including nausea, constipation, abdominal discomfort, and increased blood pressure [ ]. However, some green tea extracts might cause liver damage, especially when taken on an empty stomach [ , ].

In addition, at least 50 case reports since have linked consumption of green tea extracts, primarily ethanolic extracts of green tea, with liver damage [ ].

In a systematic review of the safety of green tea products, the U. Pharmacopeia USP evaluated 75 case reports of liver damage and animal pharmacological and toxicological information [ ].

On the basis of the 35 case reports associated with supplements containing only green tea extract, the USP concluded that the consumption of green tea products definitely caused four cases of liver damage, probably or was highly likely to have caused 25 cases, and possibly caused five cases.

The USP notes that problems are more likely when green tea extract is taken on an empty stomach and, therefore, advises taking green tea extracts with food to minimize the risk of liver damage [ , ]. In addition, tea contains caffeine, which can cause sleep disturbances and feelings of nervousness, jitteriness, and shakiness [ ].

These levels do not apply to people who are pregnant and may need to limit caffeine consumption further [ ]. Tea and its constituents might interact with certain medications. For example, green tea extract decreases plasma levels of atorvastatin, a statin medication [ ].

Glutamine is an amino acid that is present in a wide variety of foods that contain protein, including beef, fish, poultry, soy and other beans, eggs, rice, corn and other grains, and milk and other dairy products [ ].

The body also produces glutamine endogenously. In normal conditions, the body can synthesize adequate amounts of glutamine to meet metabolic needs, so glutamine is not classified as an essential amino acid [ ].

However, under extreme physiological stress, endogenous glutamine synthesis cannot keep up with metabolic need. Unfortunately, cold and flu season is an especially tough time to keep your immune system going strong.

Hansen says to focus on what you can control to keep you and your family healthy. UnityPoint Health News and Articles 5 Immune System Boosters to Try.

Top Immune System Boosters Your immune system is a process of checks and balances that helps fight and protect the body from disease and illness. Foods can certainly boost the immune system. Specifically, try to eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy products and lean protein. Also, fit in foods with omega-3 fatty acids, like eggs, salmon and avocados, as well.

All these foods will not only build up parts of your immune system, but can help you maintain a healthy weight. Drinking plenty of water. Water intake can have many positive benefits for your immune system, including but not limited to aiding in digestion and preventing possible pathogens like a virus or bacteria from getting into the eyes, nose and mouth.

Prioritizing exercise. Moderate-intensity exercise can help maintain a healthy immune system. Getting enough sleep. If you get enough sleep, it will help your body fight off sickness and help succeed at the tips mentioned above.